The Scientific Miracles
I duno about others but I dont like seeing my IP and ISP info in your sig...makes me wonder what else you might be up to
ditto
on the other hand, the first phase of having a secure system is knowing how to break in
<img src=http://www.liquidninjas.net/dc/ln_dc_sig.php?xuser=honz&xteam=78>
Must st ay a wa k e zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz......
Must st ay a wa k e zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz......
ISLAMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE
The Islamic empire in the early 6th. centuries were the inheritors of the scientific tradition of late antiquity. They preserved it, elaborated it, and finally, passed it to Europe (Science p3). At this early date, the Islamic dynasty of the Umayyads envinced an interest in science. It was the century that were, for Europeans, the Dark Ages, were, for Muslim scholars, centuries of philosophical and scientific discovery and development. The Arabs at the time not only assimilated the ancient wisdom of Persia, and the classical heritage of Greece, but adapted their own distinctive needs and ways of thinking (Hitti 363).
The Islamic ability to reconcile monotheism and science proofs to be a first time in human thought that theology, philosophy, and science were finally harmonized in a unified whole. Thus their contribution was "one of the first magnitude, considering its effect upon scientific and philosophic thought and upon the theology of later times" (Hitti 580). One of the reason for such development of science is probably due to God's commandment to explore the laws of nature. The idea is to admire all creations for its complexity - to cherish the creator for the ingenuity. Possibly holding to this believe, Islam's contributions to science had covered many roots of thought including mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy. This paper will examine these roots of natural science, and unearth the contributions of the Islamic thinkers.
Islam's redound to encourage into thinking was accessed by two other ancient cultures - the Persian and the Indians. They became part of the Islamic heritage in the field of mathematics (Hitti 373). About the year 600 A.H.-during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad - an Indian Muslim mathematician developed the symbol "cipher" or zero and the system of placed notation. This invention, first mentioned in a Syriac text written in 662 AD, revolutionized the study of mathematics and made possible the great achievements of Muslim mathematicians (Science p4).
Mathematical vocabulary such as "algebra" and "algorithm" are actually borrowings from Arabic words, that were later translated into Latin. It was a Muslim mathematician who formulated the trigonometric function explicitly. The word "sine" was actually the direct translation of the arabic word "jayb". An English mathematician Robert of Chester, who flourished in the middle of the twelfth century, was the first to use sinus equivalent to this Arabic jayb in its trigonometrical acception (Hitti 573). Al-Khwarizmi composed the oldest book on mathematics, known only in translation. He presented more than 800 examples of the calculation of integration and equation, later anticipated by Neo-Babylonians (Hitti 379)."As in trigonometry so in Algebra Muslims must be considered as the founders of this science whose very name reflects its origin... al-Khwarizmi... firmly established this branch of mathematics" (qtd. King 214). They introduced it with the Arabic numerals into Europe and taught Westerners the most convenient convention of arithmetic concept. "The zero and Arabic numerals lie behind the science of calculation as we know it today" (Hitti 573-574).
In the first half of the ninth century, exponent numerals including the zero is used in preference to letters by al- Khwarizmi. In the second half of the ninth century, the Muslims of Spain developed numerals slightly different in shape, huruf al-ghubar (letters of dust), originally used in conjunction with a type of sand abacus. Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, who was taught by a Muslim master published a work which remain a landmark in the introduction of the Arabic numerals (Hitti 573-574).
Early in the ninth century, mathematical calculations stimulates the crave for answers to the celestial motion. This curiosity introduces a new field of thought, called astronomy. One most important application of astronomy is the timekeeping for the time of the five daily prayers. These are defined according to the position of the sun moving from east to west. The earliest known tables for such purpose are dated from the tenth century (King 46-48). As necessary to accurate timekeeping as tables are the instruments used by the Muslims:
The magnificent sundial that ibn al-Shatir constructed in the year 1371/72 to adorn the main minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. The sundial displays the time of day relative to sunrise, midday, and sunset and relative to the afternoon prayer. There are also special curves for times relative to daybreak and nightfall. Thus the sundial effectively measures time with respect to each of the five daily prayers (King 547).
An individual by the name of Ibn al-Sarraj devised a series of astrolables, quadrants, trigonometric grids and other instruments which are innovative to the extreme. "I consider Ibn al-Sarraj's astrolable, which is universal from five different aspects, to be the most sophisticated astrolable from the Near East and Europe..." (King 544).
Al-Khwarizmi, the genius mathematician, at the time applied his findings to the new field from which he composed the oldest planetary tables, or the zij (King 39, Hitti 379). His work serves as a reference text and were rendered into Latin in the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona (Hitti 571). Among the first regular astronomical observatory tower constructed was in Jundaysabur, south west of Persia, under the direction of Sind ibn-'Ali, and Yahaya ibn-abi-Mansur. Being the Caliph's astronomer, not only that they construct a systematic chart of celestial movements, but also verified the fundamental elements of the Almangest (Hitti 373-375). The astronomers of al-Mamun, the Abbasid Caliph, made many original observations. One of the most outstanding is the measurement of the meridian near Mosul. It was found to be 111,814 meters, and measured a degree of latitude at about 36x north to be 2877 feet (qtd. King 214-215). "The object is to determine the size of the earth and its circumference on the assumption that the earth was round" (Hitti 375).
In Spain, astronomical studies were cultivated after the middle of the tenth century. They reproduced the Aristotelian system, as distinguished from the Ptolemaic, the representation of celestial movements. Abu-al-Qasim Maslamah al-Majriti (of Madrid), the earliest Spanish Muslim astronomer edited and corrected the zij (planetary tables of al-Khwarizmi), the first tables composed by a Muslim. Among al-Majriti titles were al- hisab or the mathematician, for he was considered the leader in mathematical knowledge. About fourteen years later, the zij that of al-Battani, was rendered into Latin by Plato of Tivoli. Copernicus later quotes al-Battani in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Al-Zarqali (known as Arzachel in Latin West) the foremost astronomical observer of his age, deviced the safihah, a type of astrolabe, that prove the motion of solar apogee with reference to the stars (Hitti 570-71). Al-Bitruji, known as Alpetragius developed a new theory of stellar movement and wrote The book of Form in which it was detailed (Science p22 c3).
Arab astronomers left the sky immortal traces of their findings. Not only are most of the star-names in European languages are of Arabic origin (The Worlds Almanac and fact Book p199 c2), but a number of technical term such as "azimuth" (al- sumut), "nadir" (nazir), "zenith" (al-samt) are of Arabic etymology. This testifies the rich legacy of Islam to Christian Europe (Hitti 573).
The first of the Arabians, the rival indeed of Galen, was the Persian Ibn Sina, or better known as Avicenna. He was given the title 'the Prince of Medicine'. His most celebrated work is Al-Qanun Fil-Tibb or "the Canon of Medicine." He is one of the greatest names in the history of medicine. He could repeat the Quraan by heart when he was ten years old, and by twelve he had disputed in law and logic. He found that medicine was an easy subject, not hard and thorny (Osler 98). "When I found a difficulty," he says, "I reffered to my notes and prayed to the creator" (qtd. Osler 98). His book was long and lengthy, testifying many aspects of medicine. He classifies efficient causes and symptoms of diseases. He said that diseases are caused by the imbalance of the four elementary qualities of hot, wet cold and dry in the body. Those caused by the faulty composition or conformation of bodily parts, and those caused by trauma. The cause of disease is categorize as either connected by the environment, regimen, and psychology. Among them are the traditional scheme of "non naturals" from air, food and drink, repletion and inanition, to the passions of the soul. His book also discuss concerns for the conservation of health: separate sections on pediatric, adult, and geriatric regimen. Avicenna provides twenty one fen on ailments distinctive to each major organs of the body-arranged from head to toe. (Siraisi 21-22).
The "Black Death", in the middle of the fourteenth century ravaged Europe while the Christians stood helpless. Ibn-al- Khatib, a physician of Granada composed a treaties in defence of the contagion theory and said:
To those who say, "How can we admit the possibility of infection while the religious law denies it?" we reply that the existence of contagion is established by experience, investigation, the evidence on the senses and trustworthy reports. These facts constitute a sound argument. The fact of contagion becomes clear to the investigator who notices how he who establishes contact with afflicted gets the disease, whereas he who is not in contact remains safe, and how transmission through garments, vessels and earrings (qtd. Hitti 576).
The circulation of blood and the idea of quarantine came from an empirical indication of contagion. It was discovered by Ibn al- Nafis. Ibn Juljul of Cordoba in 943 became a leading physician at the age of 24, compiled a book of special treaties on drugs found in al-Andalus, the Iberian Peninsula (science p23). Ibn-Masawayh wrote the oldest systematic treaties on opthamology. The book, titled al-Ashr Maqalat fi al-'Ayn (the ten treaties of the eye) was the earliest existing text book of opthmathology. In the curative use of drugs, some amazing advances were made by the Muslims. They have established the first apothecary shops, and founded the earliest school of pharmacy (Hitti 364).
The Prince of Medicine, Avicenna, is himself a philosopher (Arabic falsafah). Philosophy at the time is defined as the knowledge of the true cause of things as they really are (Hitti 369). He is the first of the Arabic language who created a philosophical system which is really complete and whole (Khan 5). "It is noteworthy that Avicenna to his independent intellectual attainments was without undue modesty" (Fakhry 149). From his initial study of logic, he turned to the study of physics, and metaphysics entirely on his own. He became the mentor of many senior physician at the age of sixteen. By the age of eighteen, he had mastered logic, physics and mathematics, so there was nothing left for him to learn except to concentrate on metaphysics. His major philosophical treaties is Kitab al-Shifa or the Book of Healing , known in Latin by the title Sufficienta. It is an encyclopedia of Islamic-Greek learning in the eleventh century, ranging from logic to mathematics (Fakhry 149-150).
Another greatest patron of Philosophy and science in the history of Islam is Caliph Al-Mamun. Son of Caliph Harun al- Rashid, he encouraged on holding disputes in court on logical, legal, and grammar (Rahman 182). He express with liberal mindedness, great openness and equanimity (Fakhry 23). He established in Baghdad his famous Bayt al-Hikmah (house of wisdom) (Rahman 4), a combination library and academy which in many respect is an important educational institution (Hitti 310). This library contains books on all subjects-literature, specifically Islamic sciences, natural sciences, logic, philosophy, an many other subjects of thoughts (Rahman 182-183).
The greatest figure in the history of Islamic philosophy and reaction to Neo Platonism is Imam al-Ghazali - a jurist, theologian, philosopher and mystic. He said that the "Fiqh" is the daily bread of believing soul, while the doctrine is only as valuable as a medicine for the sick (De Boer 39). He also said that he is being seized by the desire for the truth. He resolved to search for a "certain knowledge" upon which the object known in manner is not open to doubt at all. So if the truth were to be challenged by a miracle-maker, it would withstand its claim - solid (Fakhry 244-245). Fundamentally, al-Ghazali affirmed an agnosticism about the ultimate and absolute nature of God. This need for religious certainty impelled al-Ghazali to mysticism, and led him back to the discovery of the Quraanic conception of God. This revealed nature of God is constituted by the Divine Names and Attributes (Rahman 95).
The first genuine philosopher to write in Arabic was al- Kindi (Fakhry 9). He is the first peripatetic in Islam. He is related in many ways to Mutazilite Dialecticians and the Neo- Pythagorean Natural-Philosophers (DeBoer 97). He was a man of extraordinary erudition which communicated observations as a geographer, a historian of civilization and a physician (De Boer 99). Kindi is more than a philosopher. He was a chemist, an optician and a music theorist (Hitti 370). "He was in no respect a creative genius" (De Boer 99). The influence of al-Kindi as author and teacher is mainly through his Mathematics, Geography and Medicine (De Boer 105).
The intellectual history of the Arabs which the development of philosophy and science in the Near East virtually begins with the rise of Islam. Islam not only provide the Arabs with bold world-view, but thrust them the cultural stage of the ancient world and set before them their scientific and cultural treasures. The first generation of Muslim scholars dedicated themselves wholly to the fixing of a canon based primarily on the Quran. This is because of the overwhelming sacredness of the Quraan and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad (Fakhry 1-3). To the Muslim scholars whose work is shown, the Quraan is the source of all knowledge - the revelation of God (Science 32).
Many hints was given in the Quran as a prove of the All Knowing. God says: "Verily God Knows The secrets of the Heavens And earth:and God sees well all That ye do" (Quran 65:18). Some of the hints that were mentioned are: "Do not the unbeliever see that the heavens and earth Were joined together (as one Unit of Creation), before We clove them asunder? We made from water Every living thing. Will they not believe?" (Quran 21:30). God phrase " Do not They Think...", in certain parts of the Quran after illuminating natural phenomena unthought of by man. Such hints enhanced man's curiosity and probably fueled their quest for knowledge. As the roots of knowledge has been established, the branches and leaves then flourished onto todays advance technology. Such roots must never be forgotten as without solid foundation, no pillars can be built and lived on.
Work Cited
Business Week 22 Jul. 1985, page 90-91
De Boer, D. T. J.History of Philosophy in Islam ,1933.
Translation by Edward R. Jones. London: Luzac & Company Ltd,
1970.
Fakhry, Majid. A history of Islamic Philosophy .New York and
London: Columbia University Press, 1970.
Hitti, K.Phillip. History of the Arabs.New York: St. Martins
Press, 1970
Khan, M.S. The Philosophy of Avicenna. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, First Edition 1969.
King, A. David. Islamic Mathematical Astronomy .London: Varioum
Reprints, 1986.
Osler, Sir William. The Evolution of Modern Medicine. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1921.
Quran. Translation by A. Yusuf Ali. Maryland: Amana Corp, 1983
Rahman, Fazlur. ISLAM. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,
Second edition 1979
Science : The Islamic Legacy: Worlds fair issue, 1987
Sirasi, G. Nancy. AVICENNA in Renaissance Italy. New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1987.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York, 1988
The Islamic empire in the early 6th. centuries were the inheritors of the scientific tradition of late antiquity. They preserved it, elaborated it, and finally, passed it to Europe (Science p3). At this early date, the Islamic dynasty of the Umayyads envinced an interest in science. It was the century that were, for Europeans, the Dark Ages, were, for Muslim scholars, centuries of philosophical and scientific discovery and development. The Arabs at the time not only assimilated the ancient wisdom of Persia, and the classical heritage of Greece, but adapted their own distinctive needs and ways of thinking (Hitti 363).
The Islamic ability to reconcile monotheism and science proofs to be a first time in human thought that theology, philosophy, and science were finally harmonized in a unified whole. Thus their contribution was "one of the first magnitude, considering its effect upon scientific and philosophic thought and upon the theology of later times" (Hitti 580). One of the reason for such development of science is probably due to God's commandment to explore the laws of nature. The idea is to admire all creations for its complexity - to cherish the creator for the ingenuity. Possibly holding to this believe, Islam's contributions to science had covered many roots of thought including mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy. This paper will examine these roots of natural science, and unearth the contributions of the Islamic thinkers.
Islam's redound to encourage into thinking was accessed by two other ancient cultures - the Persian and the Indians. They became part of the Islamic heritage in the field of mathematics (Hitti 373). About the year 600 A.H.-during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad - an Indian Muslim mathematician developed the symbol "cipher" or zero and the system of placed notation. This invention, first mentioned in a Syriac text written in 662 AD, revolutionized the study of mathematics and made possible the great achievements of Muslim mathematicians (Science p4).
Mathematical vocabulary such as "algebra" and "algorithm" are actually borrowings from Arabic words, that were later translated into Latin. It was a Muslim mathematician who formulated the trigonometric function explicitly. The word "sine" was actually the direct translation of the arabic word "jayb". An English mathematician Robert of Chester, who flourished in the middle of the twelfth century, was the first to use sinus equivalent to this Arabic jayb in its trigonometrical acception (Hitti 573). Al-Khwarizmi composed the oldest book on mathematics, known only in translation. He presented more than 800 examples of the calculation of integration and equation, later anticipated by Neo-Babylonians (Hitti 379)."As in trigonometry so in Algebra Muslims must be considered as the founders of this science whose very name reflects its origin... al-Khwarizmi... firmly established this branch of mathematics" (qtd. King 214). They introduced it with the Arabic numerals into Europe and taught Westerners the most convenient convention of arithmetic concept. "The zero and Arabic numerals lie behind the science of calculation as we know it today" (Hitti 573-574).
In the first half of the ninth century, exponent numerals including the zero is used in preference to letters by al- Khwarizmi. In the second half of the ninth century, the Muslims of Spain developed numerals slightly different in shape, huruf al-ghubar (letters of dust), originally used in conjunction with a type of sand abacus. Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, who was taught by a Muslim master published a work which remain a landmark in the introduction of the Arabic numerals (Hitti 573-574).
Early in the ninth century, mathematical calculations stimulates the crave for answers to the celestial motion. This curiosity introduces a new field of thought, called astronomy. One most important application of astronomy is the timekeeping for the time of the five daily prayers. These are defined according to the position of the sun moving from east to west. The earliest known tables for such purpose are dated from the tenth century (King 46-48). As necessary to accurate timekeeping as tables are the instruments used by the Muslims:
The magnificent sundial that ibn al-Shatir constructed in the year 1371/72 to adorn the main minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. The sundial displays the time of day relative to sunrise, midday, and sunset and relative to the afternoon prayer. There are also special curves for times relative to daybreak and nightfall. Thus the sundial effectively measures time with respect to each of the five daily prayers (King 547).
An individual by the name of Ibn al-Sarraj devised a series of astrolables, quadrants, trigonometric grids and other instruments which are innovative to the extreme. "I consider Ibn al-Sarraj's astrolable, which is universal from five different aspects, to be the most sophisticated astrolable from the Near East and Europe..." (King 544).
Al-Khwarizmi, the genius mathematician, at the time applied his findings to the new field from which he composed the oldest planetary tables, or the zij (King 39, Hitti 379). His work serves as a reference text and were rendered into Latin in the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona (Hitti 571). Among the first regular astronomical observatory tower constructed was in Jundaysabur, south west of Persia, under the direction of Sind ibn-'Ali, and Yahaya ibn-abi-Mansur. Being the Caliph's astronomer, not only that they construct a systematic chart of celestial movements, but also verified the fundamental elements of the Almangest (Hitti 373-375). The astronomers of al-Mamun, the Abbasid Caliph, made many original observations. One of the most outstanding is the measurement of the meridian near Mosul. It was found to be 111,814 meters, and measured a degree of latitude at about 36x north to be 2877 feet (qtd. King 214-215). "The object is to determine the size of the earth and its circumference on the assumption that the earth was round" (Hitti 375).
In Spain, astronomical studies were cultivated after the middle of the tenth century. They reproduced the Aristotelian system, as distinguished from the Ptolemaic, the representation of celestial movements. Abu-al-Qasim Maslamah al-Majriti (of Madrid), the earliest Spanish Muslim astronomer edited and corrected the zij (planetary tables of al-Khwarizmi), the first tables composed by a Muslim. Among al-Majriti titles were al- hisab or the mathematician, for he was considered the leader in mathematical knowledge. About fourteen years later, the zij that of al-Battani, was rendered into Latin by Plato of Tivoli. Copernicus later quotes al-Battani in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Al-Zarqali (known as Arzachel in Latin West) the foremost astronomical observer of his age, deviced the safihah, a type of astrolabe, that prove the motion of solar apogee with reference to the stars (Hitti 570-71). Al-Bitruji, known as Alpetragius developed a new theory of stellar movement and wrote The book of Form in which it was detailed (Science p22 c3).
Arab astronomers left the sky immortal traces of their findings. Not only are most of the star-names in European languages are of Arabic origin (The Worlds Almanac and fact Book p199 c2), but a number of technical term such as "azimuth" (al- sumut), "nadir" (nazir), "zenith" (al-samt) are of Arabic etymology. This testifies the rich legacy of Islam to Christian Europe (Hitti 573).
The first of the Arabians, the rival indeed of Galen, was the Persian Ibn Sina, or better known as Avicenna. He was given the title 'the Prince of Medicine'. His most celebrated work is Al-Qanun Fil-Tibb or "the Canon of Medicine." He is one of the greatest names in the history of medicine. He could repeat the Quraan by heart when he was ten years old, and by twelve he had disputed in law and logic. He found that medicine was an easy subject, not hard and thorny (Osler 98). "When I found a difficulty," he says, "I reffered to my notes and prayed to the creator" (qtd. Osler 98). His book was long and lengthy, testifying many aspects of medicine. He classifies efficient causes and symptoms of diseases. He said that diseases are caused by the imbalance of the four elementary qualities of hot, wet cold and dry in the body. Those caused by the faulty composition or conformation of bodily parts, and those caused by trauma. The cause of disease is categorize as either connected by the environment, regimen, and psychology. Among them are the traditional scheme of "non naturals" from air, food and drink, repletion and inanition, to the passions of the soul. His book also discuss concerns for the conservation of health: separate sections on pediatric, adult, and geriatric regimen. Avicenna provides twenty one fen on ailments distinctive to each major organs of the body-arranged from head to toe. (Siraisi 21-22).
The "Black Death", in the middle of the fourteenth century ravaged Europe while the Christians stood helpless. Ibn-al- Khatib, a physician of Granada composed a treaties in defence of the contagion theory and said:
To those who say, "How can we admit the possibility of infection while the religious law denies it?" we reply that the existence of contagion is established by experience, investigation, the evidence on the senses and trustworthy reports. These facts constitute a sound argument. The fact of contagion becomes clear to the investigator who notices how he who establishes contact with afflicted gets the disease, whereas he who is not in contact remains safe, and how transmission through garments, vessels and earrings (qtd. Hitti 576).
The circulation of blood and the idea of quarantine came from an empirical indication of contagion. It was discovered by Ibn al- Nafis. Ibn Juljul of Cordoba in 943 became a leading physician at the age of 24, compiled a book of special treaties on drugs found in al-Andalus, the Iberian Peninsula (science p23). Ibn-Masawayh wrote the oldest systematic treaties on opthamology. The book, titled al-Ashr Maqalat fi al-'Ayn (the ten treaties of the eye) was the earliest existing text book of opthmathology. In the curative use of drugs, some amazing advances were made by the Muslims. They have established the first apothecary shops, and founded the earliest school of pharmacy (Hitti 364).
The Prince of Medicine, Avicenna, is himself a philosopher (Arabic falsafah). Philosophy at the time is defined as the knowledge of the true cause of things as they really are (Hitti 369). He is the first of the Arabic language who created a philosophical system which is really complete and whole (Khan 5). "It is noteworthy that Avicenna to his independent intellectual attainments was without undue modesty" (Fakhry 149). From his initial study of logic, he turned to the study of physics, and metaphysics entirely on his own. He became the mentor of many senior physician at the age of sixteen. By the age of eighteen, he had mastered logic, physics and mathematics, so there was nothing left for him to learn except to concentrate on metaphysics. His major philosophical treaties is Kitab al-Shifa or the Book of Healing , known in Latin by the title Sufficienta. It is an encyclopedia of Islamic-Greek learning in the eleventh century, ranging from logic to mathematics (Fakhry 149-150).
Another greatest patron of Philosophy and science in the history of Islam is Caliph Al-Mamun. Son of Caliph Harun al- Rashid, he encouraged on holding disputes in court on logical, legal, and grammar (Rahman 182). He express with liberal mindedness, great openness and equanimity (Fakhry 23). He established in Baghdad his famous Bayt al-Hikmah (house of wisdom) (Rahman 4), a combination library and academy which in many respect is an important educational institution (Hitti 310). This library contains books on all subjects-literature, specifically Islamic sciences, natural sciences, logic, philosophy, an many other subjects of thoughts (Rahman 182-183).
The greatest figure in the history of Islamic philosophy and reaction to Neo Platonism is Imam al-Ghazali - a jurist, theologian, philosopher and mystic. He said that the "Fiqh" is the daily bread of believing soul, while the doctrine is only as valuable as a medicine for the sick (De Boer 39). He also said that he is being seized by the desire for the truth. He resolved to search for a "certain knowledge" upon which the object known in manner is not open to doubt at all. So if the truth were to be challenged by a miracle-maker, it would withstand its claim - solid (Fakhry 244-245). Fundamentally, al-Ghazali affirmed an agnosticism about the ultimate and absolute nature of God. This need for religious certainty impelled al-Ghazali to mysticism, and led him back to the discovery of the Quraanic conception of God. This revealed nature of God is constituted by the Divine Names and Attributes (Rahman 95).
The first genuine philosopher to write in Arabic was al- Kindi (Fakhry 9). He is the first peripatetic in Islam. He is related in many ways to Mutazilite Dialecticians and the Neo- Pythagorean Natural-Philosophers (DeBoer 97). He was a man of extraordinary erudition which communicated observations as a geographer, a historian of civilization and a physician (De Boer 99). Kindi is more than a philosopher. He was a chemist, an optician and a music theorist (Hitti 370). "He was in no respect a creative genius" (De Boer 99). The influence of al-Kindi as author and teacher is mainly through his Mathematics, Geography and Medicine (De Boer 105).
The intellectual history of the Arabs which the development of philosophy and science in the Near East virtually begins with the rise of Islam. Islam not only provide the Arabs with bold world-view, but thrust them the cultural stage of the ancient world and set before them their scientific and cultural treasures. The first generation of Muslim scholars dedicated themselves wholly to the fixing of a canon based primarily on the Quran. This is because of the overwhelming sacredness of the Quraan and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad (Fakhry 1-3). To the Muslim scholars whose work is shown, the Quraan is the source of all knowledge - the revelation of God (Science 32).
Many hints was given in the Quran as a prove of the All Knowing. God says: "Verily God Knows The secrets of the Heavens And earth:and God sees well all That ye do" (Quran 65:18). Some of the hints that were mentioned are: "Do not the unbeliever see that the heavens and earth Were joined together (as one Unit of Creation), before We clove them asunder? We made from water Every living thing. Will they not believe?" (Quran 21:30). God phrase " Do not They Think...", in certain parts of the Quran after illuminating natural phenomena unthought of by man. Such hints enhanced man's curiosity and probably fueled their quest for knowledge. As the roots of knowledge has been established, the branches and leaves then flourished onto todays advance technology. Such roots must never be forgotten as without solid foundation, no pillars can be built and lived on.
Work Cited
Business Week 22 Jul. 1985, page 90-91
De Boer, D. T. J.History of Philosophy in Islam ,1933.
Translation by Edward R. Jones. London: Luzac & Company Ltd,
1970.
Fakhry, Majid. A history of Islamic Philosophy .New York and
London: Columbia University Press, 1970.
Hitti, K.Phillip. History of the Arabs.New York: St. Martins
Press, 1970
Khan, M.S. The Philosophy of Avicenna. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, First Edition 1969.
King, A. David. Islamic Mathematical Astronomy .London: Varioum
Reprints, 1986.
Osler, Sir William. The Evolution of Modern Medicine. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1921.
Quran. Translation by A. Yusuf Ali. Maryland: Amana Corp, 1983
Rahman, Fazlur. ISLAM. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,
Second edition 1979
Science : The Islamic Legacy: Worlds fair issue, 1987
Sirasi, G. Nancy. AVICENNA in Renaissance Italy. New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1987.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York, 1988
SOUL
Whoever kills a soul, unless for a soul, or for corruption done in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one, it is as if he had saved mankind entirely
[Qur'an 5:32]
_
One of the core meanings of Islam is peace. Therefore, the inhumane and horrific events at the World Trade Center which caused innocent casualties - including many Muslim victims - is clearly, without a doubt, completely un-Islamic.
However, it should be noted that the actions of an individual or a small group do not necessarily represent the beliefs of a particular religion, nor is that religion responsible for such actions. Therefore, the media’s labeling of those who are allegedly responsible for these actions as “Islamic Terrorists” and the linking of such actions to Islam or the Qur’an, is incorrect. Rather, such inhumane actions clearly contradict the teachings of Islam - just as the bombing at Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh and the killings that occurred at Ibrahim Mosque, Hebron by Dr. Baruch Goldstein clearly contradict the teachings of Christianity and Judaism, respectively.
It is inconceivable that the religion of Islam, which takes its teachings from the noble Prophets such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad - peace be upon all of them - would ever teach terrorism or suicide missions. In reality, Islam not only condemns terrorism and suicide missions, but also prohibits them completely. Thus, many Muslim nations, organizations, and communities all around the world have condemned such actions, hoping never to see its like again. The yellow journalism of the media showing the views of a small group of Palestinians (mostly children), who have been terrorized for years, does not represent the true feelings of Muslims worldwide.
It is also unfortunate that harassment of various kinds (including shootings, beatings, stone throwing, robberies, vandalism, death threats and hate language) has occurred against innocent Muslims resident in the United States – the elderly, women and children alike. In addition, Islamic places of worship and Muslim owned businesses have now become the targets of some peoples’ anger and ignorance, just as the American people had become the targets of the anger and ignorance of the perpetrators of the World Trade Center attacks. Such bigotry and hatred is inhumane and unjustified.
We denounce the killing of innocent civilians in the United States, just as we have patiently for many years denounced the killing of innocent civilians in Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir, Palestine, India and other countries.
May God, Almighty, the One without any associates or partners in His Divinity, guide us all to the
Truth and spread peace throughout the earth. Ameen.
[Qur'an 5:32]
_
One of the core meanings of Islam is peace. Therefore, the inhumane and horrific events at the World Trade Center which caused innocent casualties - including many Muslim victims - is clearly, without a doubt, completely un-Islamic.
However, it should be noted that the actions of an individual or a small group do not necessarily represent the beliefs of a particular religion, nor is that religion responsible for such actions. Therefore, the media’s labeling of those who are allegedly responsible for these actions as “Islamic Terrorists” and the linking of such actions to Islam or the Qur’an, is incorrect. Rather, such inhumane actions clearly contradict the teachings of Islam - just as the bombing at Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh and the killings that occurred at Ibrahim Mosque, Hebron by Dr. Baruch Goldstein clearly contradict the teachings of Christianity and Judaism, respectively.
It is inconceivable that the religion of Islam, which takes its teachings from the noble Prophets such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad - peace be upon all of them - would ever teach terrorism or suicide missions. In reality, Islam not only condemns terrorism and suicide missions, but also prohibits them completely. Thus, many Muslim nations, organizations, and communities all around the world have condemned such actions, hoping never to see its like again. The yellow journalism of the media showing the views of a small group of Palestinians (mostly children), who have been terrorized for years, does not represent the true feelings of Muslims worldwide.
It is also unfortunate that harassment of various kinds (including shootings, beatings, stone throwing, robberies, vandalism, death threats and hate language) has occurred against innocent Muslims resident in the United States – the elderly, women and children alike. In addition, Islamic places of worship and Muslim owned businesses have now become the targets of some peoples’ anger and ignorance, just as the American people had become the targets of the anger and ignorance of the perpetrators of the World Trade Center attacks. Such bigotry and hatred is inhumane and unjustified.
We denounce the killing of innocent civilians in the United States, just as we have patiently for many years denounced the killing of innocent civilians in Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir, Palestine, India and other countries.
May God, Almighty, the One without any associates or partners in His Divinity, guide us all to the
Truth and spread peace throughout the earth. Ameen.
-
TheSovereign
- Posts: 2957
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stop spewing lies you forked tongue jew hater
islam is a pack of lies! you would have to have the iq of a turnip to believe it
+Islam claims to be the one, true religion and considers all other religions to be their enemy.
+Muslims who disagree are to be killed(surah 9:12).
+Muslims are told not to have Christian or Jewish friends.(surah 5:51).
+Resisiting Islam is punishable by death or mutilation. (surah 5:33)
+Muslims are encouraged to strike terror and kill all who are not Muslim.
+Muhammed encouraged to participate in the Jihad or Holy War against those who reject Islam.
+Allah orders Muslims in the Quran to terrorize non-Muslims on His behalf. "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of God and your enemies." Surah 8:60
"Fight (kill) them (non-Muslims), and God will punish, (torment) them by your hands, cover them with shame." Surah 9:14
" I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them. It is not ye who slew them; it was God." Surah 8:13-17.
+In the Hadith Mohammed also urges Muslims to practice Jihad (Holy War).
+Basically, the command (in the place of employment/business or any other establishment) of non-Muslims over Muslims in not admissible, because God Almighty said: 'Allah will not give access to the infidels (i.e. Christians) to have authority over believers (Muslims) {Qur'an 4:141}. For God - Glory be to Him - has elevated Muslims to the highest rank (over all men) and foreordained to them the might, by virtue of the Qurtanic text in which God the Almighty said: 'Might and strength be to Allah, the Prophet (Muhammad) and the believers (Muslims) {Qur'an 63:8)
+Hadith Sahih Muslim (4363) "You (the Jews) should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle and I wish to expel you from this land (Arabia)
+Qur'an (4366) "I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslims."
+(Qur'an 48:29) "Those who follow Muhammad are merciless for the unbelievers but kind to each other."
+Qur'an (8:39) (2:193) "Make war on them until idolatory does not exist any longer and Allah's religion reigns universally."
WITH YOUR OWN BOOK I WILL LAY THE SMACK DOWN ON YOUR PEICE OF SHIT RELIGION
NOW SOMEONE PLEASE BAN THIS GUY!
to even incinuate that islam is a religion of peace is a bold faced lie and you should be the ones reaped from the earth
if all of you died tomorrow i would be on my knees thanking the lord
islam is a pack of lies! you would have to have the iq of a turnip to believe it
+Islam claims to be the one, true religion and considers all other religions to be their enemy.
+Muslims who disagree are to be killed(surah 9:12).
+Muslims are told not to have Christian or Jewish friends.(surah 5:51).
+Resisiting Islam is punishable by death or mutilation. (surah 5:33)
+Muslims are encouraged to strike terror and kill all who are not Muslim.
+Muhammed encouraged to participate in the Jihad or Holy War against those who reject Islam.
+Allah orders Muslims in the Quran to terrorize non-Muslims on His behalf. "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of God and your enemies." Surah 8:60
"Fight (kill) them (non-Muslims), and God will punish, (torment) them by your hands, cover them with shame." Surah 9:14
" I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them. It is not ye who slew them; it was God." Surah 8:13-17.
+In the Hadith Mohammed also urges Muslims to practice Jihad (Holy War).
+Basically, the command (in the place of employment/business or any other establishment) of non-Muslims over Muslims in not admissible, because God Almighty said: 'Allah will not give access to the infidels (i.e. Christians) to have authority over believers (Muslims) {Qur'an 4:141}. For God - Glory be to Him - has elevated Muslims to the highest rank (over all men) and foreordained to them the might, by virtue of the Qurtanic text in which God the Almighty said: 'Might and strength be to Allah, the Prophet (Muhammad) and the believers (Muslims) {Qur'an 63:8)
+Hadith Sahih Muslim (4363) "You (the Jews) should know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle and I wish to expel you from this land (Arabia)
+Qur'an (4366) "I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslims."
+(Qur'an 48:29) "Those who follow Muhammad are merciless for the unbelievers but kind to each other."
+Qur'an (8:39) (2:193) "Make war on them until idolatory does not exist any longer and Allah's religion reigns universally."
WITH YOUR OWN BOOK I WILL LAY THE SMACK DOWN ON YOUR PEICE OF SHIT RELIGION
NOW SOMEONE PLEASE BAN THIS GUY!
to even incinuate that islam is a religion of peace is a bold faced lie and you should be the ones reaped from the earth
if all of you died tomorrow i would be on my knees thanking the lord
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Absolut Talent
- Almighty Member
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FlyingPenguin
- Flightless Bird
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Umm Sov, chill.
All religions have roots in social and territorial conflict. Religion has been used for 10,000 years to oppress the people and advance the causes of those in power.
Saraja and I were only responding to the statement that the Muslim world didn't contribute anything to science, which is not true. The Muslim nations saved most of the ancient science and history, and built on that knowledge, while the west sufffered through the dark ages. Historical fact.
All religions have roots in social and territorial conflict. Religion has been used for 10,000 years to oppress the people and advance the causes of those in power.
Saraja and I were only responding to the statement that the Muslim world didn't contribute anything to science, which is not true. The Muslim nations saved most of the ancient science and history, and built on that knowledge, while the west sufffered through the dark ages. Historical fact.
---
“The Government of Spain will not applaud those who set the world on fire just because they show up with a bucket.” - Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez
“The Government of Spain will not applaud those who set the world on fire just because they show up with a bucket.” - Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez
i asked a question if they made a contribution or not...i was not trying to state that they did not. of course i had my doubts, but you showed me they had "some" contribution. too bad they haven't done anything since.
from what everyone has said...they moved forward while europe was in the "dark ages". that's cool...unfortunately they stopped somewhere in a century numbered in the mid-teens. the majority of their society is now controlled fully by religeon, and a violent one at that. religeon has its place in society to aid in controlling people, upholding morals/laws, give people hope, etc--but it is not an effective way to RULE a society anymore...it's sad because i am sure there are MANY people there that:
1. want out
2. don't believe all the lies...but are afraid to be tortured or have their families tortured/killed
3. too poor to escape or don't have the means
4. on and on...
from what everyone has said...they moved forward while europe was in the "dark ages". that's cool...unfortunately they stopped somewhere in a century numbered in the mid-teens. the majority of their society is now controlled fully by religeon, and a violent one at that. religeon has its place in society to aid in controlling people, upholding morals/laws, give people hope, etc--but it is not an effective way to RULE a society anymore...it's sad because i am sure there are MANY people there that:
1. want out
2. don't believe all the lies...but are afraid to be tortured or have their families tortured/killed
3. too poor to escape or don't have the means
4. on and on...
-
TheSovereign
- Posts: 2957
- Joined: Mon Apr 15, 2002 4:03 am
- Location: chicago
- Contact:
Originally posted by FlyingPenguin
Umm Sov, chill.
All religions have roots in social and territorial conflict. Religion has been used for 10,000 years to oppress the people and advance the causes of those in power.
Saraja and I were only responding to the statement that the Muslim world didn't contribute anything to science, which is not true. The Muslim nations saved most of the ancient science and history, and built on that knowledge, while the west sufffered through the dark ages. Historical fact.
what do u mean chill this guy comes in here trying to convert people to their death and your telling me to chill?
the islameic religion is the stupidest thing ive ever seen i think that hinduism is a better religion than theirs is.
and what u saw me do up their is a small taste of the info i can get on this absurdity
God does not love sinners. (Surah 2:190)
ok since we have all commited at least 1000 sins each god doesnt love anyone
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<a href="http://www.halfinchbullet.com/">Goto HalfInchBullet.com!</a>
Originally posted by TheSovereign
what do u mean chill this guy comes in here trying to convert people to their death and your telling me to chill?
the islameic religion is the stupidest thing ive ever seen i think that hinduism is a better religion than theirs is.
and what u saw me do up their is a small taste of the info i can get on this absurdity
God does not love sinners. (Surah 2:190)
ok since we have all commited at least 1000 sins each god doesnt love anyone
How is he trying to convert people to Islam by stating some information? Granted, most Islamic countries these days are run by extremists, but there is nothing wrong with people who practice Islam. One of my good friends is Islamic, and he has NEVER tried to push his beliefs on me, something which I cannot say about some Christians that I have met. Are you by any chance Jewish? Because that would explain a lot
Welcome to the machine.
IMHO anyone who believes in the genocide of an entire race is not right, but a religion that preaches it is worse then Nazi Germany...
Leave the jews alone already
<-----not a jew
Leave the jews alone already
<-----not a jew
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Frankly I agree with b-man1 and Sov. I'd never remotely defend those countries religion in any way.
Who gives a crap what little they contrtibuted. It's what that cult teaches. And it is NO religion, it is a cult.
And why is it that they will not rest till all jews are dead, and kill innocent people? :; They can all die and rot in a rat pit for all I care. <--Non jew too
*Some people need to realize who the real enemy is.
Who gives a crap what little they contrtibuted. It's what that cult teaches. And it is NO religion, it is a cult.
And why is it that they will not rest till all jews are dead, and kill innocent people? :; They can all die and rot in a rat pit for all I care. <--Non jew too
*Some people need to realize who the real enemy is.
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<img src="http://www.pcabusers.org/funnies/monkey2.gif">
<i><small>"Too much monkee business"</i></small>[/align]
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<i><small>"Too much monkee business"</i></small>[/align]
Just a little info to think about
Pulled this info off the net, interesting stuff
THE NAZI – ISLAM CONNECTION
Common Arab opinion:
"the Islamic treatment to non-Muslims in general has been good compared to how other religions have treated infidels".
The opinion of The Grand Muslim leader the Mufti Ikrima Sabri of Jerusalem:
"[the Holocaust] is not my problem. Muslims didn't do anything on this issue. It's the doing of Hitler who hated the Jews,".
"It's not my fault if Hitler hated the Jews. Anyway, they hate them just about everywhere." (Ikrima Sabri The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, hours before hosting the Pope).
The thriving relationship between the Arab/Muslim world and Nazi Germany was well documented. Sabri's very own predecessor before him, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseni, recruited Hitler's Bosnian-Muslim troops - a unit of the "Hanjar (Saber) Division" of the Waffen SS.
And way before him, little is known that in many Arab and Islamic countries Jews were forced to wear distinctive clothing and even a "yellow badge" on their shoulders. In the ninth century, for example, Baghdad's Caliph Al-Mutawakkil designated a yellow badge for Jews, setting a precedent that would be followed centuries later in Nazi Germany. The facts are that such systems were not an invention that started in Germany's Nazi era. A comparison between Nazi law towards Jews and Dhimmi Law in the Omar Charter will find much in common:
Nazism: Jews need to wear an identifiable mark on their clothing to identify them as Jews. The star of David for an identification with the word (Jude) on the chest. A yellow banner is to be fixed around the shoulder or arm, as to be recognized as a Jew. They must live in the Jewish Ghettos.
Islam: Dhimmis (Jews & Christians) must wear identifiable clothing and live in a clearly marked house. For Jews, a yellow banner is to be fixed around the shoulder or arm, as to be recognized as a Jew. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: Jews are not admitted to serve in the army or navy. They are not allowed to bear arms.
Islam: He must not ride a horse or bear arms. He must yield the right-of-way to Muslims. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: Jews cannot hold public offices, whether national state, or municipal. salaried or honorary, are closed to Jews. Jews cannot be Judges in criminal and disciplinary cases. Jews cannot serve on juries. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p72).
Islam: Dhimmis (Jews & Christians) cannot be a witness in a legal court except in matters relating to other "dhimmis" (Jews & Christians) or be a judge in a Muslim court. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: A compensation for the protection that Jews enjoy as aliens, they must pay double the taxes the Germans pay. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p75).
Islam: A compensation for the protection that dhimmis (Jews & Christians) enjoy, they must pay "Jezzieh", a special tax to be imposed on dhimmis (Jews & Christians) only. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: The marriage with Jews is prohibited. Adoption of Jews and by Jews is prohibited. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p84).
Islam: He cannot be the guardian of a Muslim child, the owner of a Muslim slave.
(Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
It is argued that the Omar Pact was not part of Quran or Sunna. However, it was Omar who derived his covenant from the highest of Islamic sources:
1. Killing of converts (after being warned for three days)
[Saheeh Bukhari 9:57]
2. Orders that non-Muslims are to be fought until they believe in Islam or pay Al-Jizyah Tax [Quran 9:5,29 and Saheeh Bukhari 4:196]
3. In a Muslims society, if a Muslim kills a non-Muslim, the Muslim isn't killed [Saheeh Bukhari 9:50] while a Muslim who kills a Muslim and a non-Muslim who kills a Muslim is to be killed [Quran 2:178 and Sunan Al-Tarmithi - 1401]
4. Mohammad practiced and ordered ethnic cleansing by removing all Jews,
Christians and Pagans from the Arabian Peninsula [Saheeh Bukhari 4:392 and 5:716]
5. Muslims are ordered to push the non-Muslims to the narrowest part of the road when meeting them [Saheeh Muslim 25:5389]
6. From the Pact of Omar we read that Christians:-
a. Cannot build any new houses of worship in their neighborhoods, and can't repair the ones that fall into ruin
b. Cannot evangelize, and yet they cannot forbid their kin from becoming Muslims
c. Cannot wear clothes that could make them look like Muslims, and they must wear distinguishing clothes.
d. Cannot engrave Arabic inscription on their seals.
e. They cannot do anything pertaining to their religion publicly (show their crosses, be heard worshipping, etc...)
f. Cannot take slaves who have been allotted to Muslims (vice-versa is possible)
g. Cannot build houses overtopping the houses of the Muslims
Malik reports: "Yahya related to me from Malik that he heard that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz gave a decision that when a Jew or Christian was killed, his blood-money was half the blood-money of a free muslim." (Malik Book 43, #43.15.8b)
In the Quran Surah 9:2 :
"...Fight against such of those who have been given the Scriptures [Jews & Christians] as believe not in Allah nor the last day, and forbid not that which Allah has forbidden by his Messenger and follow not the religion of truth [Islam], until they *pay tribute* (taxes paid by Jews & Christians who do not want to renounce their religion), being brought low.." (Quran, Sura 9 verse 9).
"Abu Musa said, "I came to the Prophet along with two men of Ash'ariyin, one on my right and the other on my left, while Allah's Apostle was brushing his teeth, and both men asked him for some employment. The Prophet said, 'O Abu Musa (O 'Abdullah bin Qais!).' I said, 'By Him Who sent you with the Truth, these two men did not tell me what was in their hearts and I did not feel (realize) that they were seeking employment.' As if I were looking now at his Siwak(tooth brush) being drawn to a corner under his lips, and he said, 'We never appoint for our affairs anyone who seeks to be employed. But O Abu Musa, go to Yemen. The Prophet then sent Mu'adh bin Jabal after him and when Mu'adh reached him, he spread out a cushion for him and requested him to get down (and sit on the cushion). Behold: There was a fettered man beside Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "Who is this (man)?" Abu Musa said, "He was a Jew and became a Muslim and then reverted back to Judaism." Then Abu Musa requested Mu'adh to sit down but Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down till he has been killed. This is the judgment of Allah and His Apostle [for such cases] and repeated it three times. Then Abu Musa ordered that the man be killed, and he was killed. Abu Musa added, "Then we discussed the night prayers and one of us said, 'I pray and sleep, and I hope that Allah will reward me for my sleep as well as for my prayers.'" (Volume 9, Book 84, Number 58: Narrated Abu Burda)
This hatred towards Jews stems from the prophet of Islam himself:
"I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: "None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, " and if they say so, pray our prayers face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, their blood and property will be sacred to us." (Narrated Anas Bin Malik, Hadith Sahih Bukhari Vol.1 # 387.)
Such hatred carried on from time immemorial, being "Muhammad-like", the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseni and the friend of Adolf Hitler stated, "I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder the Jews! Murder them all!" (Leonard J. Davis and M. Decter. Myths and facts 1982; a Concise Record of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Washington DC: near east report, 1982, p. 199).
The Mufti was always in close contacts with the Nazi Party. He had communications with Himmler and was an excellent friend of Adolf Hitler and coordinated with Hitler the "final solution" to the Jews on November 21, 1941. It was pure hate fed from religion to schools, and Arab media that caused severe persecution in the Arab world, even the prominent Egyptian writer Anis Mansour, who is respected by almost every Arab wrote: "People all over the world come to realize that Hitler was right, since Jews are bloodsuckers...interested in destroying the whole world which has ...expelled them and despised them for centuries ... and burnt them in Hitler's crematoria ... one million ... six millions. Would that he had finished it!" (Anis Mansour 1973).
The Führer's puppet , who fled Palestine after agitating against the British during the Arab Revolt of 1936-39 found refuge in Iraq after instigating the Iraqi coup of 1941 orchestrated by Hitler. When Britain crushed the rebellion, the Mufti escaped to Berlin. In Berlin he was enthusiastically received by the "Islamische Zentralinstitut" and welcomed him as the "Führer of the Arabic world." In an introductory speech, he called the Jews the "most fierce enemies of the Muslims" and an "ever corruptive element" in the world.
Husseni soon became an honored guest of the Nazi leadership and met on several occasions with Hitler. He personally lobbied the Führer against the plan to let Jews leave Hungary, fearing they would immigrate to Palestine. He also strongly intervened when Adolf Eichman tried to cut a deal with the British government to exchange German POWs for 5000 Jewish children who also could have fled to Palestine. The Mufti's protests with the SS were successful, as the children were sent to death camps in Poland instead. One German officer noted in his journals that the Mufti would liked to have seen the Jews "preferably all killed." On a visit to Auschwitz, he reportedly admonished the guards running the gas chambers to work more diligently. Throughout the war, he appeared regularly on German radio broadcasts to the Middle East, preaching his pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic message to the Arab masses back home.
To show gratitude towards his hosts, in 1943 the Mufti traveled several times to Bosnia, where on orders of the SS he recruited the notorious "Hanjar troopers," a special Bosnian Waffen SS company which slaughtered 90% of Bosnia's Jews and burned countless Serbian churches and villages. These Bosnian Muslim recruits rapidly found favor with SS chief Heinrich Himmler, who established a special Mullah Military school in Dresden. The only condition the Mufti set for his help was that after Hitler won the war, the entire Jewish population in Palestine should be liquidated.
After the war, Husseni fled to Switzerland and from there escaped via France to Cairo, were he was warmly received. The Mufti used funds received earlier from the Hitler regime to finance the Nazi-inspired Arab Liberation Army that terrorized Jews in Palestine. The American Christian Palestine Committee wrote, "Of the long list of hundreds of Arab agents on the German payroll, only a few are mentioned. Of the numerous cases of sabotage, only a few are recorded. Of the thousands of available documents, fewer then a dozen are published here." (Arab War Effort, p.3).
"The Arab riots of 1936 in Palestine were carried out by the Mufti with funds supplied by the Nazis" (Arab Higher Committee, submitted to the United Nations, May 1947).
Even the captured files of the German High Command in Flensburg, Germany, indicated that: "Only through funds available by Germany to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was it possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine.". The Mufti demanded Hitler, Ribbentrop, and the Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Rumanian governments keep their promise of "the destruction of the so-called Jewish National Home:
"I asked you, Reichsfuhrer, to take all measures to prevent the Jews from going". Further proof of the Muft's collaboration, this same Muslim Mufti of Jerusalem in a letter to the notorious Heinrich Himmler, October 3, 1994 to "Reichsfuhrer and Reichsminister" offered the Arab Legion for use against the Allies. In a letter from Rome, June 28, 1943, the Mufti sends a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs for Hungary asking him to send one half of a million Jews to Poland, and as a sequel to this evil request a half million Jews were killed in the death camps.
When war broke out in 1967, Jewish homes and property were confiscated. Egypt's attitude toward Jews at that time was reflected in its treatment of former Nazis. Hundreds were allowed to take up residence in Egypt and given positions in the government. The head of the Polish Gestapo, Leopold Gleim (who had been sentenced to death in absentia), controlled the Egyptian secret police.
Syria's Nazi connection sheltered Alois Brunner, one of the most notorious Nazi war criminals. Brunner was a chief aide to Adolf Eichmann who served as an adviser to the Assad regime. (Newsday, November 1, 1987 by Rep. Michael McNulty.)
Today amongst the Palestinians. Hitler is one of the heroes of Palestinian youth, reveal researchers from the University of Hamburg, who are conducting an international study on the perceptions of democracy among young people around the world. Booksellers in the territories report that Hitler's book Mein Kampf is one of the most popular there, a best-seller from their point of view. The book is being distributed by Al-Shurouq, a Ramallah based book distributor, to East Jerusalem and territories controlled by the Palestinian Authority.
Pulled this info off the net, interesting stuff
THE NAZI – ISLAM CONNECTION
Common Arab opinion:
"the Islamic treatment to non-Muslims in general has been good compared to how other religions have treated infidels".
The opinion of The Grand Muslim leader the Mufti Ikrima Sabri of Jerusalem:
"[the Holocaust] is not my problem. Muslims didn't do anything on this issue. It's the doing of Hitler who hated the Jews,".
"It's not my fault if Hitler hated the Jews. Anyway, they hate them just about everywhere." (Ikrima Sabri The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, hours before hosting the Pope).
The thriving relationship between the Arab/Muslim world and Nazi Germany was well documented. Sabri's very own predecessor before him, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseni, recruited Hitler's Bosnian-Muslim troops - a unit of the "Hanjar (Saber) Division" of the Waffen SS.
And way before him, little is known that in many Arab and Islamic countries Jews were forced to wear distinctive clothing and even a "yellow badge" on their shoulders. In the ninth century, for example, Baghdad's Caliph Al-Mutawakkil designated a yellow badge for Jews, setting a precedent that would be followed centuries later in Nazi Germany. The facts are that such systems were not an invention that started in Germany's Nazi era. A comparison between Nazi law towards Jews and Dhimmi Law in the Omar Charter will find much in common:
Nazism: Jews need to wear an identifiable mark on their clothing to identify them as Jews. The star of David for an identification with the word (Jude) on the chest. A yellow banner is to be fixed around the shoulder or arm, as to be recognized as a Jew. They must live in the Jewish Ghettos.
Islam: Dhimmis (Jews & Christians) must wear identifiable clothing and live in a clearly marked house. For Jews, a yellow banner is to be fixed around the shoulder or arm, as to be recognized as a Jew. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: Jews are not admitted to serve in the army or navy. They are not allowed to bear arms.
Islam: He must not ride a horse or bear arms. He must yield the right-of-way to Muslims. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: Jews cannot hold public offices, whether national state, or municipal. salaried or honorary, are closed to Jews. Jews cannot be Judges in criminal and disciplinary cases. Jews cannot serve on juries. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p72).
Islam: Dhimmis (Jews & Christians) cannot be a witness in a legal court except in matters relating to other "dhimmis" (Jews & Christians) or be a judge in a Muslim court. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: A compensation for the protection that Jews enjoy as aliens, they must pay double the taxes the Germans pay. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p75).
Islam: A compensation for the protection that dhimmis (Jews & Christians) enjoy, they must pay "Jezzieh", a special tax to be imposed on dhimmis (Jews & Christians) only. (Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
Nazism: The marriage with Jews is prohibited. Adoption of Jews and by Jews is prohibited. (The War Against The Jews, Anti-Jewish Legislation, Lucy Dawidowicz, p84).
Islam: He cannot be the guardian of a Muslim child, the owner of a Muslim slave.
(Omar Charter, Faqeeh Al-Muluk, volume 2, pages 124-136).
It is argued that the Omar Pact was not part of Quran or Sunna. However, it was Omar who derived his covenant from the highest of Islamic sources:
1. Killing of converts (after being warned for three days)
[Saheeh Bukhari 9:57]
2. Orders that non-Muslims are to be fought until they believe in Islam or pay Al-Jizyah Tax [Quran 9:5,29 and Saheeh Bukhari 4:196]
3. In a Muslims society, if a Muslim kills a non-Muslim, the Muslim isn't killed [Saheeh Bukhari 9:50] while a Muslim who kills a Muslim and a non-Muslim who kills a Muslim is to be killed [Quran 2:178 and Sunan Al-Tarmithi - 1401]
4. Mohammad practiced and ordered ethnic cleansing by removing all Jews,
Christians and Pagans from the Arabian Peninsula [Saheeh Bukhari 4:392 and 5:716]
5. Muslims are ordered to push the non-Muslims to the narrowest part of the road when meeting them [Saheeh Muslim 25:5389]
6. From the Pact of Omar we read that Christians:-
a. Cannot build any new houses of worship in their neighborhoods, and can't repair the ones that fall into ruin
b. Cannot evangelize, and yet they cannot forbid their kin from becoming Muslims
c. Cannot wear clothes that could make them look like Muslims, and they must wear distinguishing clothes.
d. Cannot engrave Arabic inscription on their seals.
e. They cannot do anything pertaining to their religion publicly (show their crosses, be heard worshipping, etc...)
f. Cannot take slaves who have been allotted to Muslims (vice-versa is possible)
g. Cannot build houses overtopping the houses of the Muslims
Malik reports: "Yahya related to me from Malik that he heard that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz gave a decision that when a Jew or Christian was killed, his blood-money was half the blood-money of a free muslim." (Malik Book 43, #43.15.8b)
In the Quran Surah 9:2 :
"...Fight against such of those who have been given the Scriptures [Jews & Christians] as believe not in Allah nor the last day, and forbid not that which Allah has forbidden by his Messenger and follow not the religion of truth [Islam], until they *pay tribute* (taxes paid by Jews & Christians who do not want to renounce their religion), being brought low.." (Quran, Sura 9 verse 9).
"Abu Musa said, "I came to the Prophet along with two men of Ash'ariyin, one on my right and the other on my left, while Allah's Apostle was brushing his teeth, and both men asked him for some employment. The Prophet said, 'O Abu Musa (O 'Abdullah bin Qais!).' I said, 'By Him Who sent you with the Truth, these two men did not tell me what was in their hearts and I did not feel (realize) that they were seeking employment.' As if I were looking now at his Siwak(tooth brush) being drawn to a corner under his lips, and he said, 'We never appoint for our affairs anyone who seeks to be employed. But O Abu Musa, go to Yemen. The Prophet then sent Mu'adh bin Jabal after him and when Mu'adh reached him, he spread out a cushion for him and requested him to get down (and sit on the cushion). Behold: There was a fettered man beside Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "Who is this (man)?" Abu Musa said, "He was a Jew and became a Muslim and then reverted back to Judaism." Then Abu Musa requested Mu'adh to sit down but Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down till he has been killed. This is the judgment of Allah and His Apostle [for such cases] and repeated it three times. Then Abu Musa ordered that the man be killed, and he was killed. Abu Musa added, "Then we discussed the night prayers and one of us said, 'I pray and sleep, and I hope that Allah will reward me for my sleep as well as for my prayers.'" (Volume 9, Book 84, Number 58: Narrated Abu Burda)
This hatred towards Jews stems from the prophet of Islam himself:
"I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: "None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, " and if they say so, pray our prayers face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, their blood and property will be sacred to us." (Narrated Anas Bin Malik, Hadith Sahih Bukhari Vol.1 # 387.)
Such hatred carried on from time immemorial, being "Muhammad-like", the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseni and the friend of Adolf Hitler stated, "I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder the Jews! Murder them all!" (Leonard J. Davis and M. Decter. Myths and facts 1982; a Concise Record of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Washington DC: near east report, 1982, p. 199).
The Mufti was always in close contacts with the Nazi Party. He had communications with Himmler and was an excellent friend of Adolf Hitler and coordinated with Hitler the "final solution" to the Jews on November 21, 1941. It was pure hate fed from religion to schools, and Arab media that caused severe persecution in the Arab world, even the prominent Egyptian writer Anis Mansour, who is respected by almost every Arab wrote: "People all over the world come to realize that Hitler was right, since Jews are bloodsuckers...interested in destroying the whole world which has ...expelled them and despised them for centuries ... and burnt them in Hitler's crematoria ... one million ... six millions. Would that he had finished it!" (Anis Mansour 1973).
The Führer's puppet , who fled Palestine after agitating against the British during the Arab Revolt of 1936-39 found refuge in Iraq after instigating the Iraqi coup of 1941 orchestrated by Hitler. When Britain crushed the rebellion, the Mufti escaped to Berlin. In Berlin he was enthusiastically received by the "Islamische Zentralinstitut" and welcomed him as the "Führer of the Arabic world." In an introductory speech, he called the Jews the "most fierce enemies of the Muslims" and an "ever corruptive element" in the world.
Husseni soon became an honored guest of the Nazi leadership and met on several occasions with Hitler. He personally lobbied the Führer against the plan to let Jews leave Hungary, fearing they would immigrate to Palestine. He also strongly intervened when Adolf Eichman tried to cut a deal with the British government to exchange German POWs for 5000 Jewish children who also could have fled to Palestine. The Mufti's protests with the SS were successful, as the children were sent to death camps in Poland instead. One German officer noted in his journals that the Mufti would liked to have seen the Jews "preferably all killed." On a visit to Auschwitz, he reportedly admonished the guards running the gas chambers to work more diligently. Throughout the war, he appeared regularly on German radio broadcasts to the Middle East, preaching his pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic message to the Arab masses back home.
To show gratitude towards his hosts, in 1943 the Mufti traveled several times to Bosnia, where on orders of the SS he recruited the notorious "Hanjar troopers," a special Bosnian Waffen SS company which slaughtered 90% of Bosnia's Jews and burned countless Serbian churches and villages. These Bosnian Muslim recruits rapidly found favor with SS chief Heinrich Himmler, who established a special Mullah Military school in Dresden. The only condition the Mufti set for his help was that after Hitler won the war, the entire Jewish population in Palestine should be liquidated.
After the war, Husseni fled to Switzerland and from there escaped via France to Cairo, were he was warmly received. The Mufti used funds received earlier from the Hitler regime to finance the Nazi-inspired Arab Liberation Army that terrorized Jews in Palestine. The American Christian Palestine Committee wrote, "Of the long list of hundreds of Arab agents on the German payroll, only a few are mentioned. Of the numerous cases of sabotage, only a few are recorded. Of the thousands of available documents, fewer then a dozen are published here." (Arab War Effort, p.3).
"The Arab riots of 1936 in Palestine were carried out by the Mufti with funds supplied by the Nazis" (Arab Higher Committee, submitted to the United Nations, May 1947).
Even the captured files of the German High Command in Flensburg, Germany, indicated that: "Only through funds available by Germany to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was it possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine.". The Mufti demanded Hitler, Ribbentrop, and the Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Rumanian governments keep their promise of "the destruction of the so-called Jewish National Home:
"I asked you, Reichsfuhrer, to take all measures to prevent the Jews from going". Further proof of the Muft's collaboration, this same Muslim Mufti of Jerusalem in a letter to the notorious Heinrich Himmler, October 3, 1994 to "Reichsfuhrer and Reichsminister" offered the Arab Legion for use against the Allies. In a letter from Rome, June 28, 1943, the Mufti sends a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs for Hungary asking him to send one half of a million Jews to Poland, and as a sequel to this evil request a half million Jews were killed in the death camps.
When war broke out in 1967, Jewish homes and property were confiscated. Egypt's attitude toward Jews at that time was reflected in its treatment of former Nazis. Hundreds were allowed to take up residence in Egypt and given positions in the government. The head of the Polish Gestapo, Leopold Gleim (who had been sentenced to death in absentia), controlled the Egyptian secret police.
Syria's Nazi connection sheltered Alois Brunner, one of the most notorious Nazi war criminals. Brunner was a chief aide to Adolf Eichmann who served as an adviser to the Assad regime. (Newsday, November 1, 1987 by Rep. Michael McNulty.)
Today amongst the Palestinians. Hitler is one of the heroes of Palestinian youth, reveal researchers from the University of Hamburg, who are conducting an international study on the perceptions of democracy among young people around the world. Booksellers in the territories report that Hitler's book Mein Kampf is one of the most popular there, a best-seller from their point of view. The book is being distributed by Al-Shurouq, a Ramallah based book distributor, to East Jerusalem and territories controlled by the Palestinian Authority.
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FlyingPenguin
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And by that arguement we should have killed EVERYONE in Germany for the crimes of the Nazis.And why is it that they will not rest till all jews are dead, and kill innocent people? They can all die and rot in a rat pit for all I care.
Hey, I'm just pointing out that everyone of Islamic faith and all Muslims are not our enemies.
Japan has as radically a different religion and cultural beliefs from the western world as you can get (by comparison the Islamic religion is a close cousin to Christianity). During WWII Japanese leaders actively preached hatred of Americans, and treated American POWs and captured civilians dispicably. There were certainly Americans around in 1945 that would have gladly seen all Japanese exterminated.
And yet Japan is now a good member of the world community, and a good friend of the United States.
Joe Blow in the street in ANY country wants basically the same thing: comfort & security for himself and his loved ones.
If the media in that country is controlled by fanatics who preach that the world is flat and Jews must die, that this is the only way to ensure peace and propsperity, and this information is taught to you in public school and preached by clergy who happen to also run the government, and speaking out against these tenents can result in your death, then this is what you will believe as the truth (or at least pretend to in order to survive).
The BEST thing that can happen in today's world is the free spread of information. We should be seling satelight TV and laptops and setting up free Internet access in Iraq and Afganistan.
Half of the people of this planet are held hostage from free information. It's changing though.
Look at China. Once one of our bitterest Cold War enemies, now they have a growing middle class craving all the same goodies we take for granted: cell phones, computers, DVDs.
China is no longer a threat - it's a member of the world economic community.
Same for the former Soviet Union member states.
A few hundred cargo ships full of XBoxes and denim jackets have accomplished what 30 years of cold war, nuclear threat and saber rattling could never achieve.
<--- Not a Jew, but I play one on TV
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“The Government of Spain will not applaud those who set the world on fire just because they show up with a bucket.” - Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez
“The Government of Spain will not applaud those who set the world on fire just because they show up with a bucket.” - Prime Minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez